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Hedera - Wikipedia

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1Description

2Ecology

3Taxonomy

4Uses and cultivation

5Problems and dangers

Toggle Problems and dangers subsection

5.1On trees

5.2Invasive exotic

5.3Toxicity

5.4Stinging insects

6Etymology and other names

7Cultural symbolism

8Gallery

9See also

10References

11External links

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Hedera

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae

This article is about plants in the family Araliaceae. For the typographic ornamentation ❧, see Fleuron (typography). For Hedera Hashgraph, see Hashgraph.

"Ivy" redirects here. For other plants, see list of plants known as ivy. For other uses, see Ivy (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Hadera.

Hedera

Hedera algeriensis in Lincoln Park Conservatory, Chicago

Scientific classification

Kingdom:

Plantae

Clade:

Tracheophytes

Clade:

Angiosperms

Clade:

Eudicots

Clade:

Asterids

Order:

Apiales

Family:

Araliaceae

Subfamily:

Aralioideae

Genus:

HederaL.

Species

See text

Synonyms[1]

Helix Mitch.

Psedera Neck.

Hedera, commonly called ivy (plural ivies), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to Western Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa and across central-southern Asia east to Japan and Taiwan. Several species are cultivated as climbing ornamentals, and the name ivy especially denotes common ivy (Hedera helix), known in North America as "English ivy", which is frequently planted to clothe brick walls.

Description[edit]

Hedera helix adult leaves and unripe berries in Ayrshire, Scotland

On level ground they remain creeping, not exceeding 5–20 cm height, but on suitable surfaces for climbing, including trees, natural rock outcrops or man-made structures such as quarry rock faces or built masonry and wooden structures, they can climb to at least 30 m above the ground. Ivies have two leaf types, with palmately lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the tops of rock faces, from 2 m or more above ground. The juvenile and adult shoots also differ, the former being slender, flexible and scrambling or climbing with small aerial roots to affix the shoot to the substrate (rock or tree bark), the latter thicker, self-supporting and without roots. The flowers are greenish-yellow with five small petals; they are produced in umbels in autumn to early winter and are very rich in nectar. The fruit is a greenish-black, dark purple or (rarely) yellow berry 5–10 mm diameter with one to five seeds, ripening in late winter to mid-spring. The seeds are dispersed by birds which eat the berries.

The species differ in detail of the leaf shape and size (particularly of the juvenile leaves) and in the structure of the leaf trichomes, and also in the size and, to a lesser extent, the colour of the flowers and fruit. The chromosome number also differs between species. The basic diploid number is 48, while some are tetraploid with 96, and others hexaploid with 144 and octaploid with 192 chromosomes.[2]

Ecology[edit]

Ivies are natives of Eurasia and North Africa but have been introduced to North America and Australia. They invade disturbed forest areas in North America.[3] Ivy seeds are spread by birds.[3]

Ivies are of major ecological importance for their nectar and fruit production, both produced at times of the year when few other nectar or fruit sources are available.[4] The ivy bee Colletes hederae is completely dependent on ivy flowers, timing its entire life cycle around ivy flowering.[5] The fruit are eaten by a range of birds, including thrushes, blackcaps, and woodpigeons.[4] The leaves are eaten by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera such as angle shades, lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing, scalloped hazel, small angle shades, small dusty wave (which feeds exclusively on ivy), swallow-tailed moth and willow beauty.

A very wide range of invertebrates shelter and overwinter in the dense woody tangle of ivy.[6] Birds and small mammals also nest in ivy.[7] It serves to increase the surface area and complexity of woodland environments.

Taxonomy[edit]

Hedera canariensis juvenile leaves, Gomera, Canary Islands.

Hedera algeriensis

The following species are widely accepted; they are divided into two main groups, depending on whether they have scale-like or stellate trichomes on the undersides of the leaves:[2][8][9]

Trichomes scale-like

Hedera algeriensis Hibberd – Algerian ivy. Algeria, Tunisia (Mediterranean coast).

Hedera canariensis Willd. – Canaries ivy. Canary Islands.

Hedera colchica (K.Koch) K.Koch – Persian ivy. Alborz, Caucasus, Turkey.

Hedera cypria McAllister – Cyprus ivy (syn. H. pastuchovii subsp. cypria (McAll.) Hand). Cyprus (Troodos Mts.)

Hedera iberica (McAllister) Ackerfield & J.Wen – Iberian ivy. SW Iberian coasts.

Hedera maderensis – Madeiran ivy. Madeira.

Hedera maroccana McAllister – Moroccan ivy. Morocco.

Hedera nepalensis K.Koch – Himalayan ivy (syn. H. sinensis (Tobl.) Hand.-Mazz.). Himalaya, SW China.

Hedera pastuchovii G.Woronow – Pastuchov's ivy. Caucasus, Alborz.

Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Siebold ex Bean – Japanese ivy. Japan, Korea, Taiwan.

Trichomes stellate

Hedera azorica Carrière – Azores ivy. Azores.

Hedera helix L. – Common ivy (syn. H. caucasigena Pojark., H. taurica (Hibberd) Carrière). Europe, widespread.

Hedera hibernica (G.Kirchn.) Bean – Atlantic ivy (syn. H. helix subsp. hibernica (G.Kirchn.) D.C.McClint.). Atlantic western Europe.

The species of ivy are largely allopatric and closely related, and many have on occasion been treated as varieties or subspecies of H. helix, the first species described. Several additional species have been described in the southern parts of the former Soviet Union, but are not regarded as distinct by most botanists.

Hybrids have been recorded between several Hedera species, including Atlantic ivy (H hibernica) with common ivy (H helix).[10] Hybridisation may also have played a part in the evolution of some species in the genus.[2] A well-known hybrid involving ivies is the intergeneric hybrid × Fatshedera lizei, a cross between Fatsia japonica and Hedera hibernica. This hybrid was produced once in a garden in France in 1910 and has never successfully been repeated, the hybrid being maintained in cultivation by vegetative propagation.[11][12]

Uses and cultivation[edit]

When the ivy blooms in September it attracts hoverflies and other nectar feeders.

A variegated Hedera helix cultivar

Ivies are very popular in cultivation within their native range and compatible climates elsewhere, for their evergreen foliage, attracting wildlife, and for adaptable design uses in narrow planting spaces and on tall or wide walls for aesthetic addition, or to hide unsightly walls, fences and tree stumps. Numerous cultivars with variegated foliage and/or unusual leaf shapes have been selected for horticultural use.[11]

The American Ivy Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Hedera, and recognises over 400 registered cultivars.[13]

Problems and dangers[edit]

On trees[edit]

Ivy climbing on a pine tree (pinus sylvestris) in Headley, UK.

Much discussion has involved whether or not ivy climbing trees will harm trees. In Europe, the harm is generally minor although there can be competition for soil nutrients, light, and water, and senescent trees supporting heavy ivy growth can be liable to windthrow damage.[4] The UK's Woodland Trust says "Ivy has long been accused of strangling trees, but it doesn’t harm the tree at all, and even supports at least 50 species of wildlife."[6] Harm and problems are more significant in North America, where ivy is without the natural pests and diseases that control its vigour in its native continents; the photosynthesis or structural strength of a tree can be overwhelmed by aggressive ivy growth leading to death directly or by opportunistic disease and insect attacks.[14]

Invasive exotic[edit]

See also: Hedera helix § Invasive species

Several ivy species have become a serious invasive species (invasive exotic) in natural native plant habitats, especially riparian and woodland types, and also a horticultural weed in gardens of the western and southern regions of North America with milder winters. Ivies create a dense, vigorously smothering, shade-tolerant evergreen groundcover that can spread through assertive underground rhizomes and above-ground runners quickly over large natural plant community areas and outcompete the native vegetation. The use of ivies as ornamental plants in horticulture in California and other states is now discouraged or banned in certain jurisdictions.[15] Similar problems exist in Australia. For example, in both countries the North African drought-tolerant H. canariensis and H. algeriensis and European H. helix were originally cultivated in garden, park, and highway landscaping, but they have become aggressively invasive in coastal forests and riparian ecosystems, now necessitating costly eradication programs.[16]

Toxicity[edit]

The berries are moderately toxic. Ivy foliage contains triterpenoid saponins and falcarinol.

Falcarinol is capable of inducing contact dermatitis. It has also been shown to kill breast cancer cells.[17]

Stinging insects[edit]

The flowers of ivy are pollinated by Hymenoptera and are particularly attractive to the common wasp.

Etymology and other names[edit]

The name ivy derives from Old English ifig, cognate with German Efeu, of unknown original meaning.[18] The scientific name Hedera is the classical Latin name for the plant.[11] Old regional common names in Britain, no longer used, include "Bindwood" and "Lovestone", for the way it clings and grows over stones and bricks. US Pacific Coast regional common names for H. canariensis include "California ivy" and "Algerian ivy". For H. helix, regional common names include "common ivy" (Britain and Ireland) and "English ivy" (North America).

The name ivy has also been used as a common name for a number of other unrelated plants, including Boston ivy (Japanese Creeper Parthenocissus tricuspidata, in the family Vitaceae), Cape-ivy (used interchangeably for Senecio angulatus and Delairea odorata, Asteraceae), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans, Anacardiaceae), Swedish ivy (Whorled Plectranthus Plectranthus verticillatus, Lamiaceae) and ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea, also Lamiaceae), and Kenilworth ivy (Cymbalaria muralis, Plantaginaceae).

Cultural symbolism[edit]

Like many other evergreen plants, which impressed European cultures by persisting through the winter, ivy has traditionally been imbued with a spiritual significance. It was brought into homes to drive out evil spirits.[6]

In Ancient Rome it was believed that a wreath of ivy could prevent a person from becoming drunk, and such a wreath was worn by Bacchus, the god of intoxication.[6]

Ivy bushes or ivy-wrapped poles have traditionally been used to advertise taverns in the United Kingdom, and many pubs are still called The Ivy.[19]

The clinging nature of ivy makes it a symbol of love and friendship, there was once a tradition of priests giving ivy to newlyweds,[6] and as it clings to dead trees and remains green, it was also viewed as a symbol of the eternal life of the soul after the death of the body in medieval Christian symbolism.[20]

The traditional British Christmas carol, "The Holly and the Ivy", uses ivy as a symbol for the Virgin Mary.

Ivy-covered ruins were a staple of the Romantic movement in landscape painting, for example Visitor to a Moonlit Churchyard by Philip James de Loutherbourg (1790), Tintern Abbey, West Front by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1794) and Netley Abbey by Francis Towne (1809). In this context ivy may represent the ephemerality of human endeavours and the sublime power of nature.

The image of ivy-covered historic buildings gave the name Ivy League to a group of old and prestigious American universities. [21]

Ivy features extensively in the 2010 movie Arrietty and the poster for the film.

Gallery[edit]

Hedera helix on trees near Srbsko, Czech Republic

Hedera colchica leaves and flowers

Hedera hibernica with berries

Hedera helix leaves, Bremerhaven

Hedera helix flowers

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Types of Ivy: Varieties of Ivy Plants for Outdoors and Indoors

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Types of Ivy: Different Types of Ivy Plants for Outdoors and Indoors (With Pictures)

By Jessica Nolan, Gardening Expert

Gardening And Landscaping

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Share on LinkedInIvy is a group of leafy plants that grow as vines climbing up structures or as creeping plants that provide ground cover. Ivies are fast-growing plants that grow just as well outdoors as they do indoors. You can plant many types of ivies to climb up walls, trellises, cover arbors, or any other structure in your garden. As an indoor houseplant, ivies can provide lush green trailing foliage in any room.

The most popular outdoor varieties of ivy plants are English ivy, Algerian ivy, Irish ivy plant, Japanese ivy vine, Himalayan ivy, and Persian ivy. Popular indoor ivy varieties include Duckfoot, Buttercup, Shamrock, and Manda’s Crested ivy.

Some common types of outdoor ivy plants such as the English ivy, Persian ivy, or Irish ivy grow well in many climates. These ivy varieties also grow well in pots if you want an easy-to-care-for plant for indoors.

In this article, you will learn about the many different varieties of ivy and how to care for them well.

Ivy Identification

Identifying species of ivy plants is usually done by the distinctive leaf shape. Generally, ivies have lobed leaves that grow alternately along climbing or trailing vines. The size, shape and color of the leaves depend on the variety of the ivy plant.

Types of Ivy: Different Types of Ivy Plants for Indoors and Outdoors (With Pictures)

Ivy is a plant in the botanical genus Hedera that produces evergreen leaves that grow quickly. Ivies are native to many countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Many types of ivy take their name from their native country.

Here are some of the best types of ivy plants to grow indoors or outdoors.

English Ivy

Type of ivy: English ivy

The English ivy (Hedera helix) is a flowering type of ivy that is a clinging evergreen vine. This fast-growing evergreen climbing vine quickly covers fences.

English ivy has broad large dark-green leaves that can grow up to 4″ (10 cm) long. All types of English ivy are climbing ivy plants and they can reach up to 100 ft. (30 m) in the right conditions. The ivy plant generally grows well in shady locations where there is no direct sunlight.

This flowering type of ivy produces flowers from late summer until late fall. This makes it an excellent plant for bees and butterflies that look for pollen when most other plants have stopped flowering.

English ivies also make good indoor houseplants (they are in the list of the best bedroom plants). These hanging plants require bright areas (but not direct sunlight) and moist, fertile soil. However, even if your room isn’t too bright, English ivy still grows well.

English ivy is on the list of fast spreading ground cover plants.

Goldchild ivy (variety of English ivy)

Goldchild ivy in a variety of English ivy

Goldchild is a popular type of English ivy that can be identified by its smaller leaves than Hedera helix but with bright yellow or gold edges. This type of variegated ivy (meaning the leaves have different colored edges) is an excellent houseplant ivy.

Ivalace ivy

Ivalace is a type of English ivy

Another variety of English ivy (Hedera helix) is Ivalace. This ivy climber is distinguished from other ivy varieties for its curly, shiny green leaves. Ivalace ivy is a good houseplant because of its ornamental look and it’s an easy and versatile plant to look after.

Needlepoint ivy

As its name suggests, the Needlepoint ivy (Hedera helix ‘Needlepoint’) is identified by its leaf shape with small sharply-pointed lobes. Needlepoint ivy grows well in most types of soil in shady areas. This type of English ivy looks great in hanging baskets, small containers, or as ground cover in your garden.

Algerian Ivy

Type of Ivy: Algerian ivy (regular and variegated)

The Algerian ivy (Hedera algeriensis) is a type of climbing plant that has large lobed leaves and can be an invasive type of plant.

This ivy plant also goes by the name of Canary Island Ivy or North African ivy. This broad-leafed ivy plant typically has dark green leaves, although you can also find variegated varieties. The Algerian ivy can climb up walls fairly quickly with its vines reaching up to 40 ft. (12 m).

As with many types of vine ivies, the Algerian variety grows well in most soils. Although it will grow in sunny conditions, it requires constantly moist soil to prevent its growth from being stunted.

Although this is a type of flowering ivy, the flowers and fruits are fairly inconspicuous.

Gloire de Marengo ivy

Gloire de Marengo is a variegated type of Algerian ivy with large, heart-shaped leaves. Its large leaves are greenish-gray with creamy white edges. This is a dramatic-looking ivy variety that looks good growing up walls, trellises, and slopes.

Irish Ivy Plant

Type of ivy: Irish ivy (with berries)

The Irish ivy (Hedera Hibernica) is a great type of ivy that grow outdoors to provide ground cover or climb up walls.

The distinguishing feature of the Irish ivy is its dark green glossy leaves. This type of ivy can be quite invasive, so if you grow it in your garden, you will need to cut it back every spring. Some local authorities take steps to remove this type of ivy due to its fast growth rate.

Japanese Ivy Vine

Type of ivy: Japanese ivy

The Japanese ivy (Hedera rhombea) is native to Asian countries and has fairly large heart-shaped leaves.

A striking feature about Japanese ivy vine leaves is the white veins running through the dark green leaves. Although this is a climber plant, it doesn’t climb as tall as some of the other types of ivies.

Japanese ivies are also a flowering type of ivy that produce small flowers in an umbrella shape. After the ivy flowers, black round fruits appear.

Usually, Japanese ivies are not cultivated for their climbing ability or ground cover but as ornamental features in gardens.

Himalayan Ivy

Type of ivy: Himalayan ivy

Native to countries in Asia, the Himalayan ivy (Hedera nepalensis) can grow at altitudes of up to 3,000 m.

The leaves of the Himalayan ivy are dark green with light-colored veins running through them. Each vine consists of elongated triangular leaves that can grow up to 6″ (15 cm) long. Some types of Himalayan ivy produce vines with very small leaves that can be as small as 1″ (3 cm).

If you are looking for a good, hardy climbing ivy, then the Himalayan ivy is a good choice. The woody vines can grow up to 100 ft. (30 m) tall. However, the ivy doesn’t provide as much cover as the English ivy varieties or the Irish ivy.

Persian Ivy

Type of ivy: Persian ivy

One of the fastest-growing ivies, the Persian ivy (Hedera colchica) is a good climbing ivy with large shiny leaves.

Due to the shape of the leaves, Persian ivy is sometimes called the “Bullock’s Heart” ivy. In fact, the Persian ivy produces some of the largest leaves from any of the ivy varieties. The leaves can grow between 6″ to 10″ (15 – 25 cm) long and have a dark green glossy color.

Sulphur heart ivy (type of Persian ivy)

Persian ivy (Sulphur heart)

One particular striking variety of Persian ivy is the Sulphur Heart (Hedera colchica) variety. It can be identified by its unusually large yellow and lime green leaves. This is a variegated ivy with lime green and bright gold flowers. This climbing ivy variety looks stunning growing up walls.

Canarian Ivy

Type of ivy: Canarian ivy

The Canarian ivy (Hedera canariensis) is a woody bush-type of ivy plant that is native to North Africa and the Canary Islands.

Although some people refer to the Algerian ivy as the Canary ivy, the Canarian ivy is its own species. This type of ivy can cling to many surfaces and grow to a height of 100 ft. (30 m). The large shiny green foliage provides good dense cover. If there are no surfaces to cling to, then the Canarian ivy also provides good ground cover.

Compared to some other popular types of ivy, the Hedera canariensis grows and climbs very rapidly. You can also plant the Canarian ivy in the garden and train it to grow into a shrub or bush.

Closely related to the Canarian ivy is the Moroccan ivy (Hedera maroccana). This type of ivy also grows prevalently on the Canary Islands and is commonly found on rock faces and growing up tree trunks.

Russian Ivy

Type of ivy: Russian ivy

A type of ivy vine called the Russian ivy (Hedera pastuchovii) has long climbing stems and is commonly found in forests climbing up trees.

Unlike some types of ivy, the Russian ivy has thin leaves that are light green and often with wavy edges. The Russian ivy vine grows better as a climbing vine rather than a creeping ivy on the ground.

In the summertime, this becomes a flowering ivy with small white flowers that develop into small inedible fruit.

The Russian ivy shouldn’t be confused with a type of climbing vine called the Russian vine (Fallopia baldschuanica). This is also a fast-growing type of vine that produces long dangling white flowers.

Boston Ivy

Boston ivy is not a ‘true’ type of ivy

The Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) is a type of flowering woody vine that is also called the Japanese Creeper or Woodbine.

Although the Boston ivy is commonly found on a list of popular ivies, it isn’t a true type of ivy. The reason why this type of vine is grouped with ivies is because of its climbing ability. It has fairly large leaves that provide dense coverage where it grows. Each leaf is a three-pointed light green leaf that grows between 2″ and 8″ (5 – 20 cm) across.

The Boston ivy will grow well on the facades of buildings. In fact, some building owners use Boston ivies to cover walls for shade in the summertime.

Swedish Ivy Varieties

Swedish ivy is not a ‘true’ type of ivy

The Swedish ivy (Plectranthus verticillatus) does not belong to the family of “true” ivy vines. It is a type of flowering plant in the same family as sage and mint and isn’t related to plants in the Hedera species.

In fact, the name “Swedish Ivy” is misleading on a number of levels. First, the trailing plant doesn’t cling to walls or surfaces. Also, the green-leafed plant isn’t native to Sweden.

Other names for the Swedish ivy are the Swedish begonia or “creeping Charlie.” The long trailing leaves mean that the plant is a good houseplant for hanging baskets.

Types of Ivy Plants for Indoors

If you are looking for indoor plants that are easy to care for, then different types of ivies are a good choice. Most ivy varieties grow in any kind of soil, don’t tolerate direct sunlight, and grow fairly quickly.

Another reason why different types of ivy plants are good house plants is that their trailing vines and variegated leaves can be an interesting feature. You can put ivies in pots on shelves, on top of cabinets, or plant them in hanging baskets. Some types of ivy plants are on the list of the best shower plants to keep in the bathroom.

The most popular type of ivy for indoors is the Hedera helix varieties, or English ivy. Here is a short list of some of the best types of ivy houseplants:

Duckfoot is a type of English ivy with small green leaves in the shape of a duck’s foot. This indoor ivy plant has red stems and grows well in pots or containers.

Buttercup ivy houseplants have broad yellow leaves that produce small yellowish-green flowers every year.

Shamrock is an evergreen climbing ivy that has small leaves shaped like a shamrock. The ivy produces flowers and black berries every year and this ivy makes a good houseplant.

Manda’s Crested is a shrub type of climbing ivy with dark green leaves that have a wavy edge. The leaves turn a bronze color in the winter.

Did you know that ivy is one of the best air filtering houseplants?

How to care for types of indoor ivy houseplants

What is the best way to care for growing ivy plants indoors?

First, your ivy needs plenty of natural light, but shouldn’t stand in direct sunlight. If variegated types of ivies don’t get enough light, you may find that they start to lose their colors.

When it comes to watering, don’t keep soil in your pots too moist. Before you water your ivy houseplant, check that the soil is on the dry side. There should be plenty of drainage from the pot to prevent the ivy standing in water.

It is also good to wash the ivy leaves once in a while to remove dust. You can do this by putting the whole plant in the shower and rinsing the leaves. This will also provide the soil with plenty of irrigation and also keep your ivy looking healthy.

Read about other amazing indoor vine plants and climbers.

Best Types of Climbing Ivy for Outdoors

Ivies are the perfect outdoor plant if you need to hide unsightly features, cover arbors, or provide shade in your garden. All varieties of outdoor ivies or vines are low-maintenance plants and tolerant of many soil conditions.

So, what are the best types of ivy for your garden? Here are a few that are great climbers:

English ivy is a great all-around ivy for growing in your garden. The climbing vine grows tall and its large leaves provide great coverage. Plant English ivies in areas of your garden that enjoy partial shade.

Irish ivy grows similar to the English ivy but has shinier, glossier dark green leaves.

Algerian ivy is a hardy type of climbing ivy that can tolerate some sunshine and grows well in most types of soil.

Most ivy varieties are good for ground cover as they spread quickly. However, you need to make sure that they don’t become too invasive.

How to care for outdoor climbing ivy vines

Ivies are good to plant in areas of your garden where other outdoor plants have difficulty growing.

For all types of ivy vines to grow well outdoors, they should be planted in well-drained soil. Most varieties of ivy can withstand a range of pH levels, however, they grow best in slightly alkaline soil.

In the first year after planting your ivy, water it regularly to help establish it. Once the climbing vine is established, you only need to water it when the weather is especially dry. Try to make sure that the soil is always on the dry side and that it doesn’t become soggy.

You will need to cut back your ivy every 3 years or so to keep it under control and encourage healthy growth.

If you want to prevent climbing ivy vines from becoming too invasive, plant them in containers and place them where you want them to grow. The container pots will contain the roots and prevent them from spreading.

The Best Indoor Vine Plants and Climbers

Great Varieties of Indoors and Outdoors Fern Plants

The Best Plants for Hanging Baskets

Read Next19 Outdoor Palm Plants for Garden Landscaping31 Plants With Heart Shaped Leaves: Visual Identification GuideAphids on Plants: Effective Ways to Kill Aphids on Indoor and Outdoor PlantsThe Best Outdoor Plants For Texas (With Pictures) - Identification GuideTypes of Ivy: Different Types of Ivy Plants for Outdoors and Indoors (With Pictures) was last modified: January 12th, 2023 by Jessica Nolan, Gardening Expert

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Hedera helix - Wikipedia

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1Etymology

2Description

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2.1Subspecies

3Range

4Cultivation

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4.1Cultivars

5Toxicity and medical uses

6Invasive species

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6.1Australia

6.2Canada

6.3New Zealand

6.4United States

7Control and eradication

8Damage to trees

9Use as building facade green

10Mechanism of attachment

11References

12External links

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Hedera helix

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Species of flowering plant

Hedera helix

Creeping ivy in Dover, UK

Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification

Kingdom:

Plantae

Clade:

Tracheophytes

Clade:

Angiosperms

Clade:

Eudicots

Clade:

Asterids

Order:

Apiales

Family:

Araliaceae

Genus:

Hedera

Species:

H. helix

Binomial name

Hedera helixL.

Berries

Stems with rootlets used to cling to walls and tree trunks

Hedera helix, the common ivy, English ivy, European ivy, or just ivy, is a species of flowering plant of the ivy genus in the family Araliaceae, native to most of Europe and western Asia. A rampant, clinging evergreen vine, it is a familiar sight in gardens, waste spaces, and wild areas, where it grows on walls, fences, tree trunks, etc. across its native and introduced habitats. As a result of its hardy nature, and its tendency to grow readily without human assistance, ivy attained popularity as an ornamental plant, but escaped plants have become naturalised outside its native range and grow unchecked in myriad wild and cultivated areas. Ivy has considerable cultural significance and symbolism.

Synonyms include Hedera acuta, Hedera arborea ('tree ivy'),[2] Hedera baccifera, and Hedera grandifolia.[3] Other common names are bindwood and lovestone.

Etymology[edit]

The genus name Hedera is the Classical Latin word for 'ivy', which is cognate with Greek χανδάνω (khandánō) 'to get, grasp', both deriving ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- 'to seize, grasp, take'. The specific epithet helix derives from Ancient Greek ἕλιξ (helix), 'helix', and from the Latin helicem, 'spiral', first used around 1600. The binomial in its entirety thus has the meaning "the clinging plant that coils in spirals (helices)".[4][5][6] The modern English ivy derives from Middle English ivi, from Old English īfiġ, deriving in turn from Proto-Germanic *ibahs. The meaning is uncertain, but the word may be cognate with the Ancient Greek ἴφυον (íphuon), referring to not Hedera helix, but the unrelated English lavender, or Lavandula angustifolia.[7]

Description[edit]

Hedera helix is an evergreen climbing plant, growing to 20–30 m (66–98 ft) high where suitable surfaces (trees, cliffs, walls) are available, and also growing as groundcover where no vertical surfaces occur. It climbs by means of aerial rootlets with matted pads which cling strongly to the substrate. The ability to climb on surfaces varies with the plants variety and other factors: Hedera helix prefers non-reflective, darker and rough surfaces with near-neutral pH. It generally thrives in a wide range of soil pH with 6.5 being ideal, prefers moist, shady locations and avoids exposure to direct sunlight, the latter promoting drying out in winter.[8]

The leaves are alternate, 50–100 mm (2–4 in) long, with a 15–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) petiole; they are of two types, with palmately five-lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems, and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the top of rock faces.

The flowers are produced from late summer until late autumn, individually small, in 3-to-5 cm-diameter (1.2-to-2.0 in) umbels, greenish-yellow, and very rich in nectar, an important late autumn food source for bees and other insects.

The fruit are purple-black to orange-yellow berries 6–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) in diameter, ripening in late winter,[9] and are an important food source for many birds.

One to five seeds are in each berry, which are dispersed after being eaten by birds.[10][11][12]

Subspecies[edit]

The three subspecies are:[10][13]

H. h. helix[14] - central, northern and western Europe, plants without rhizomes, purple-black ripe fruit,

H. h. poetarum Nyman (syn. Hedera chrysocarpa Walsh) (Italian ivy, poet's ivy) - southeast Europe and southwest Asia (Italy, Balkans, Turkey), plants without rhizomes, orange-yellow ripe fruit,

H. h. rhizomatifera McAllister - southeast Spain, plants rhizomatous, purple-black ripe fruit.

The closely related species Hedera canariensis and Hedera hibernica are also often treated as subspecies of H. helix,[12][15] though they differ in chromosome number and so do not hybridise readily.[11] H. helix can be best distinguished by the shape and colour of its leaf trichomes, usually smaller and slightly more deeply lobed leaves and somewhat less vigorous growth, though identification is often not easy.[12][16]

Range[edit]

Common ivy clinging on a London plane tree in Agde, France

The range of European ivy is from Ireland northeast to southern Scandinavia, south to Portugal, and east to Ukraine and Iran and northern Turkey. In Britain, it is very common and widespread, but absent from the Isle of Man and Channel Islands.[17]

The northern and eastern limits are at about the −2 °C (28 °F) winter isotherm, while to the west and southwest, it is replaced by other species of ivy.[10][11][12][13][15][18] Hedera helix itself is much more winter-hardy and survives temperatures of −23.3 °C (−9.9 °F) (USDA Zone 6a) and above.[19]

Cultivation[edit]

Ivy-covered entrance to Malbork Castle in Poland

Variegated ivy leaves growing at the Enchanted Floral Gardens of Kula, Maui

Ivy is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. Within its native range, the species is greatly valued for attracting wildlife. The flowers are visited by over 70 species of nectar-feeding insects, and the berries eaten by at least 16 species of birds. The foliage provides dense evergreen shelter, and is also browsed by deer.[10][20]

In Europe, it is frequently planted to cover walls[21] and the Bavarian government recommends growing it on buildings for its ability to cool the interior in summer, while providing insulation in winter, as well as protecting the covered building from soil moisture, temperature fluctuations and direct exposure to heavy weather.[22] Further uses include weed suppression in plantings, beautifying unsightly facades and providing additional green by growing on tree trunks.

However, ivy can be problematic. It is a fast-growing, self-clinging climber that is capable of causing damage to brickwork, guttering, etc., and hiding potentially serious structural faults, as well as harbouring unwelcome pests. Careful planning and placement are essential.[23]

Cultivars[edit]

Over 30 cultivars have been selected for leaf traits such as yellow, white, variegated (e.g. 'Glacier'), and deeply lobed (e.g. 'Sagittifolia'), and other traits like purple stems and slow, dwarfed growth.[24]

The following 16 cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[25]

'Angularis Aurea'[26]

'Buttercup'[27]

'Caecilia'[28]

'Ceridwen'[29]

'Congesta'[30]

'Duckfoot'[31]

'Glacier'[32]

'Goldchild'[33]

'Golden Ingot'[34]

'Maple Leaf' [35]

'Manda's Crested'[36]

'Midas Touch'[37]

'Parsley Crested'[38]

'Shamrock'[39]

'Spetchley'[40]

'White Knight' [41]

Toxicity and medical uses[edit]

Ivy berries are somewhat poisonous to humans, but extracts from ivy leaves are part of current cough medicines.[42] A 2020 evidence review found that Hedera helix preparations and preparations "may be a therapeutic option for treating early symptoms of respiratory tract infections", saying that "the best effectiveness for H. helix preparations has been proven for coughing, as an expectorant and to reduce the frequency and intensity of cough. Only weak evidence was found for all other researched symptoms."[43]

In the past, the leaves and berries were taken orally as an expectorant to treat cough and bronchitis.[44] In 1597, the British herbalist John Gerard recommended water infused with ivy leaves as a wash for sore or watering eyes.[45] The leaves can cause severe contact dermatitis in some people.[46][47] People who have this allergy (strictly a type IV hypersensitivity) are also likely to react to carrots and other members of the Apiaceae as they contain the same allergen, falcarinol.

Previous studies showed that the Hedera helix extract contains α-hederin and β-hederin, falcarinol, didehydrofalcarinol, rutin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, emetine, nicotiflorin, hederasaponin B and hederacoside C. However, only three extracted components were detectable more than 1.5% in the European ivy leaves (hederacoside C 15.69%, chlorogenic acid 2.07%, and rutin 1.62%). Other components were detectable in very few amounts (< 1%) or not detectable in some studies.[48]

Owing to the large number of saponins in the leaves and fruits of H. helix, it is mildly poisonous to animals like rabbits and can lead to anemia.[49][50]

In a hunting session for resources, birds would restrict the number of ivy berries ingested because of the moderate toxicity. However, berries are taken in larger quantities in the spring once they have ripened and lost some of their toxicity. [51]

Invasive species[edit]

See also: Hedera § Problems and dangers

Like other exotic species, ivy has predominantly been spread by human action. H. helix is labeled as an invasive species in parts of the world.

Australia[edit]

Decorative ivy in Hyde Park, Sydney.Ivy on a wall in Ecublens, SwitzerlandIt is considered a noxious weed across southern, especially south-eastern, Australia and local councils provide free information and limited services for removal. In some councils it is illegal to sell the plant. It is a weed in the Australian state of Victoria.[52]

Canada[edit]

Although popular as a winter holiday decoration, H. helix is invasive and is a pathogen alternate host in British Columbia.[53][54]

New Zealand[edit]

H. helix has been listed as an "environmental weed" by the Department of Conservation since 1990.[55]

United States[edit]

In the United States, H. helix is considered weedy or invasive in a number of regions and is on the official noxious weed lists in Oregon and Washington.[56]

In the state of Oregon, its sale or import is banned.[57][58] Like other invasive vines such as kudzu, H. helix can grow to choke out other plants and create "ivy deserts". State- and county-sponsored efforts are encouraging the destruction of ivy in forests of the Pacific Northwest and the Southern United States.[59][60] Ivy can easily escape from cultivated gardens and invade nearby parks, forests and other natural areas via squirrels and birds.[61]

Control and eradication[edit]

Once English Ivy is established it is very difficult to control or eradicate. If left untreated it will crowd out other ground cover plants and can choke out and kill shrubs and overstory trees.[62]

Tested and successful methods of control are mechanical removal and chemical applications.[62]

Damage to trees[edit]

Ivy can climb into the canopy of young or small trees in such density that the trees fall over from the weight,[60] a problem that does not normally occur in its native range.[10]

In its mature form, dense ivy can destroy habitat for native wildlife and creates large sections of solid ivy where no other plants can develop.[60] It is also thought to be a reservoir for leaf scorch bacteria.[63] However, the UK Woodland Trust considers that it does not damage trees and hence does not require removal.[64] The ivy also blocks the sun from the trees that need it for photosynthesis.

Use as building facade green[edit]

As with any self-climbing facade green, some care is required to make best use of the positive effects: Ivy covering the walls of an old building is a familiar and often attractive sight. It has insulating as well as weather protection benefits, dries the soil and prevents wet walls, but can be problematic if not managed correctly.

Ivy, and especially European ivy (H. helix) grows vigorously and clings by means of fibrous roots, which develop along the entire length of the stems. These are difficult to remove, leaving an unsightly "footprint" on walls, and possibly resulting in expensive resurfacing work. Additionally, ivy can quickly invade gutters and roofspaces, lifting tiles and causing blockages. It also harbors mice and other creatures. The plants have to be cut off at the base, and the stumps dug out or killed to prevent regrowth.[65]

Therefore, if a green facade is desired, this decision has to be made consciously, since later removal would be tedious.

Mechanism of attachment[edit]

Hedera helix is able to climb relatively smooth vertical surfaces, creating a strong, long lasting adhesion with a force of around 300 nN.[66] This is accomplished through a complex method of attachment starting as adventitious roots growing along the stem make contact with the surface and extend root hairs that range from 20 to 400 μm in length. These tiny hairs grow into any small crevices available, secrete glue-like nanoparticles, and lignify. As they dry out, the hairs shrink and curl, effectively pulling the root closer to the surface.[67] The glue-like substance is a nano composite adhesive that consists of uniform spherical nanoparticles 50–80 nm in diameter in a liquid polymer matrix. Chemical analyses of the nanoparticles detected only trace amounts of metals, once thought to be responsible for their high strength, indicating that they are largely organic. Recent work has shown that the nanoparticles are likely composed in large part of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which exist in other plant adhesives as well.[68][69] The matrix portion of the composite is made of pectic polysaccharides. Calcium ions present in the matrix induce interactions between carboxyl groups of these components, causing a cross linking that hardens the adhesive.[68]

References[edit]

^ Khela, S. (2012). "Hedera helix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T202964A2758285. Retrieved 18 June 2021.

^ Bean, W. J. (1978) Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles Volume 2.

^ International Plant Names Index

^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-84533-731-5.

^ "Helical (Helix)". Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.

^ "Hedera". English Wiktionary. 24 October 2021.

^ "Ivy". English Wiktionary. 22 October 2021.

^ "Plants & Flowers—Hedera helix Jubilee". Retrieved 2015-08-20.

^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1-4053-3296-5.

^ a b c d e Metcalfe, D. J. (2005). "Biological Flora of the British Isles no. 268 Hedera helix L" (PDF). Journal of Ecology. 93 (3): 632–648. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01021.x. S2CID 84317400.

^ a b c McAllister, H (1982). "New work on ivies". Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook. 1981: 106–109.

^ a b c d Flora of NW Europe[permanent dead link]

^ a b Ackerfield, J. & Wen, J. (2002). A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications. Archived 2011-08-08 at the Wayback Machine Adansonia sér. 3, 24 (2): 197-212.

^ Paulsen, Evy; Christensen, Lars P.; Andersen, Klaus E. (April 2010). "Dermatitis from common ivy ( Hedera helix L. subsp. helix ) in Europe: past, present, and future". Contact Dermatitis. 62 (4): 201–209. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01677.x. ISSN 0105-1873.

^ a b Flora Europaea: Hedera helix

^ The Holly and the Ivy. Shropshire Botanical Society Newsletter Autumn 2000: page 14

^ Poland J, Clement EJ. 2020. The Vegetative Key to the British Flora. John Poland, Southampton, Second Edition. ISBN 978-0-9560144-2-9

^ Stace, C. A. & Thompson, H. (1997). New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-58935-5

^ "Beliebte immergrüne winterharte Kletterpflanzen" (in German). 2013-10-10. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

^ Plant for Wildlife: Common Ivy (Hedera helix) Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine

^ "Efeu Hedera - ein Alleskönner" (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-20.

^ "Bauwerksbegrünung - Hinweise zum Energiesparen" (PDF) (in German). Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie. September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-20. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

^ "Ivy on buildings". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 March 2018.

^ NCCPG Plant Heritage: The common ivy[permanent dead link]

^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 45. Retrieved 3 March 2018.

^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera hibernica 'Angularis aurea'". Retrieved 5 July 2020.

^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hedera helix 'Buttercup'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.

^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Caecilia'". Retrieved 5 July 2020.

^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hedera helix 'Ceridwen'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.

^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Congesta'". Retrieved 30 July 2020.

^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Duckfoot'". Retrieved 30 July 2020.

^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Glacier'". Retrieved 5 July 2020.

^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Goldchild'". Retrieved 30 July 2020.

^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hedera helix 'Golden Ingot'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.

^ "Hedera helix 'Maple Leaf'". RHS. Retrieved 30 July 2020.

^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Manda's Crested'". Retrieved 30 July 2020.

^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Midas Touch'". Retrieved 30 July 2020.

^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Parsley Crested'". Retrieved 30 July 2020.

^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hedera helix 'Shamrock'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.

^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Spetchley'". Retrieved 30 July 2020.

^ "Hedera helix 'White Knight'". RHS. Retrieved 30 July 2020.

^ European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (2017). Assessment report on Hedera helix L., folium, pp. 5-16

^ Barnes, Larisa AJ; Leach, Matthew; Anheyer, Dennis; Brown, Danielle; Carè, Jenny; Lauche, Romy; Medina, Daen N; Pinder, Tobey-Ann; Bugarcic, Andrea; Steel, Amie (December 2020). "The effects of Hedera helix on viral respiratory infections in humans: A rapid review". Advances in Integrative Medicine. 7 (4): 222–226. doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.012. PMC 7424313. PMID 32837900.

^ Bown. D. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. ISBN 0-7513-0203-1

^ Gerard, John (1985). Woodward, Marcus (ed.). Gerard's Herbal: The History of Plants. New York: Crescent Books. ISBN 978-0-517-46470-0.

^ Jøhnke, H; Bjarnason, B (1994). "Contact dermatitis allergy to common ivy (Hedera helix L.)". Ugeskr. Laeger. 156 (25): 3778–3779. PMID 8059459.

^ Boyle, J.; Harman, R. M. H. (2006). "Contact dermatitis to Hedera helix (Common Ivy)". Contact Dermatitis. 12 (2): 111–112. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1985.tb01067.x. PMID 3987251. S2CID 29719245.

^ Alkattan, A., Alameer, R., Alsalameen, E. et al. Safety of English ivy (Hedera helix) leaf extract during pregnancy: retrospective cohort study. DARU J Pharm Sci (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-021-00415-7

^ "Ivy leaf extract,Hedera helix,Hederagenin,Hederacoside C,cough". 6 November 2014. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ Pratt, Amy (2020-03-20). "20 Plants that are Poisonous to Rabbits". The Bunny Lady. Retrieved 2021-03-31.

^ Strelau, M.; Clements, D.R.; Benner, J.; Prasad, R. (2018-10-01). Willenborg, Christian (ed.). "The Biology of Canadian Weeds: 157. Hedera helix L. and Hedera hibernica (G. Kirchn.) Bean". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 98 (5): 1005–1022. doi:10.1139/cjps-2018-0009. ISSN 0008-4220.

^ "English Ivy (Hedera helix)". The State of Victoria. Retrieved 17 September 2010.

^ "Ring in the holiday season and reduce the spread of invasive species! -". Invasive Species Council of British Columbia | ISCBC Plants & Animals. 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2020-12-27.

^ "English Ivy". Invasive Species Council of British Columbia. 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2020-12-27.

^ Howell, Clayson (May 2008). Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand (PDF). DRDS292. Wellington: Department of Conservation. ISBN 978-0-478-14413-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2009-05-06.

^ USDA Plants Profile: Hedera helix

^ Oregon bans sale of English ivy, butterfly bushes

^ Controlling English Ivy Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine. Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides.

^ "Ivy chasers in a league of their own". Pamplin Media Group. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2008-11-27.

^ a b c Controlling English Ivy Arlington County, Virginia Department of Parks, Recreation and Community Resources.

^ "Invasive to Avoid: English Ivy". wildlife.ca.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-06.

^ a b Oregon State University (September 2008). "Invasive Weeds in Forest Land: English Ivy Hedera helix" (PDF). Oregon.gov. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

^ "English ivy, Hedera helix Apiales: Araliaceae".

^ "Ivy (Hedera helix) - British Wildflowers".

^ "Ivy on buildings". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.

^ Xia, Lijin; Lenaghan, Scott C.; Zhang, Mingjun; Wu, Yu; Zhao, Xiaopeng; Burris, Jason N.; Stewart, C. Neal (2011-03-01). "Characterization of English ivy (Hedera helix) adhesion force and imaging using atomic force microscopy". Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 13 (3): 1029–1037. Bibcode:2011JNR....13.1029X. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.495.3698. doi:10.1007/s11051-010-0091-3. ISSN 1388-0764. S2CID 18080100.

^ Melzer, Bjorn; Steinbrecher, Tina; Seidel, Robin; Kraft, Oliver; Schwaiger, Ruth; Speck, Thomas (12 May 2010). "The attachment strategy of English Ivy: a complex mechanism acting on several hierarchical levels". The Journal of the Royal Society. 7 (50): 1383–1389. doi:10.1098/rsif.2010.0140. PMC 2894893. PMID 20462880.

^ a b Huang, Yujian (April 2016). "Nanospherical arabinogalactan proteins are a key component of the high-strength adhesive secreted by English ivy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (23): E3193–E3202. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113E3193H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1600406113. PMC 4988582. PMID 27217558.

^ Lenaghan, Scott (October 2013). "Isolation and chemical analysis of nanoparticles from English ivy". The Journal of the Royal Society.

External links[edit]

USDA information about Hedra helix including fire effects

Taxon identifiersHedera helix

Wikidata: Q26354

Wikispecies: Hedera helix

AoFP: 1748

APA: 437

APDB: 5420

APNI: 64883

APSA: 231-6-1a

BioLib: 40210

Calflora: 4023

Cal-IPC: hedera-helix

CoL: 6LH6Y

Ecocrop: 6625

eFloraSA: Hedera_helix

EoL: 1143004

EPPO: HEEHE

EUNIS: 152449

FEIS: hedhel

FloraBase: 18297

FNA: 220006122

FoIO: HEDHEL

GBIF: 3036074

GISD: 469

GRIN: 300252

iNaturalist: 55882

IPA: 3027

IPNI: 90723-1

ISC: 26694

ITIS: 29393

MichiganFlora: 2903

MoBotPF: 276595

NatureServe: 2.147683

NBN: NBNSYS0000003630

NCBI: 4052

NZOR: 73c3d861-8693-42e7-9c16-03aa22586dd5

NZPCN: 4061

Observation.org: 6847

Open Tree of Life: 524074

PalDat: Hedera_helix

PfaF: Hedera helix

Plant List: kew-96659

PLANTS: HEHE

POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:90723-1

RHS: 43091

Tropicos: 2200015

VASCAN: 2688

VicFlora: c4a3febc-0516-4d68-83ff-3712dd984839

WoI: 1105

WFO: wfo-0000979730

WoRMS: 594778

Authority control databases: National

Germany

Israel

United States

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedera_helix&oldid=1210539077"

Categories: IUCN Red List least concern speciesHederaFlora of AsiaFlora of EuropeGarden plantsMedicinal plants of AsiaMedicinal plants of EuropePlants described in 1753Taxa named by Carl LinnaeusVinesHidden categories: All articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from November 2017Articles with permanently dead external linksWebarchive template wayback linksCS1 German-language sources (de)Articles with dead external links from September 2017Articles with short descriptionShort description is different from WikidataArticles with 'species' microformatsArticles containing Latin-language textArticles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language textArticles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language textArticles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language textArticles containing Proto-Germanic-language textTaxonbars with 45+ taxon IDsArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiers

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5 Fast Facts About English Ivy

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A Quiz for TeensAre You a Workaholic?How Well Do You Sleep?Tools & ResourcesHealth NewsFind a DietFind Healthy SnacksDrugs A-ZHealth A-ZConnectFind Your Bezzy CommunityBreast CancerInflammatory Bowel DiseasePsoriatic ArthritisMigraineMultiple SclerosisPsoriasisFollow us on social mediaHealthlineHealth ConditionsDiscoverPlanConnectSubscribeNutritionSpecial DietsHealthy EatingFood FreedomConditionsFeel Good FoodProductsVitamins & SupplementsSustainabilityWeight ManagementEverything You Want to Know About English IvyMedically reviewed by Dominique Fontaine, BSN, RN, HNB-BC, HWNC-BC — By Rena Goldman — Updated on October 14, 2021What it isBenefitsDownsidesHow to use itBottom lineShare on PinterestLingqi Xie/Getty ImagesYou might be surprised to learn that English ivy, a plant you’ve likely seen growing up the outside wall of some buildings, can be used as an herbal supplement. It can also be grown indoors as a houseplant.The potential benefits of English ivy include air purification, improved respiratory (breathing) issues, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.Read on to find out more about English ivy and its potential health benefits.What is English ivy?Also known as common ivy or Hedera helix, English ivy is a climbing evergreen plant can thrive in cold and low light situations. You’ve probably seen it growing up the walls of old buildings before (1).Many people like the plant because it stays green all year and makes an attractive ground cover for decorative gardens.The plant originally comes from Europe, but can now be found across the United States and the world. English ivy thrives in shady areas in forest clearings as well as on cliffs and slopes where the soil is fertile and moist (1, 2). Aside from ornamentation, the English ivy also offers some potential health benefits. It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and it has been used as an herbal medicine to help treat (3): asthmabronchitischronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)Potential benefits of English ivySome of the potential benefits of English ivy include its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action, as well as its effects on upper respiratory conditions. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant propertiesEnglish ivy is rich in polyphenols, or plant compounds, called saponins and flavonoids. These compounds provide a host of potential benefits (4).Most notably, they are potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds. In one animal study, researchers noted that extract of English ivy offered a protective effect against diabetes in rats, likely due to its antioxidant effect — which allows it to prevent oxidative damage to the cells (5).Additionally, one test-tube study noted the anti-inflammatory effects of ivy leaf extract in human lung cells. A similar study noted that ivy leaf extract helped inhibit the release of the inflammatory marker interleukin-6 from mice immune cells (6, 7).However, more research is needed to understand how ivy affects inflammation and antioxidant activity in humans.May help with coughMuch of the existing research on English ivy is related to its effects on the upper respiratory system. In particular, ivy may be useful for the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, cough in children, and COPD — although stronger evidence is needed before it can be widely recommended.Alone or in combination with the herbs primrose and thyme, ivy may offer some relief for cough in upper respiratory infections and colds (3, 8).Ivy for cough may be particularly useful for children, since many health professionals recommend limiting traditional cough medication use in young children. One study noted that ivy leaf offered comparable benefits to acetylcysteine, a powerful antioxidant (9). In another study in over 5,000 children with productive cough who received ivy leaf extract twice daily, researchers found that their parents reported the ivy leaf helped significantly. About two-thirds of parents said that they were very satisfied with the therapeutic effect of the ivy leaf on their child’s cough (10).Regardless, one large review of trials reported that, while ivy leaf was safe to use for cough, its effects were minimal (11).English ivy’s effects on the lungs and in cough prevention may be related to its anti-inflammatory action. However, ivy also appears to activate the beta2-adrenergic signaling system in the body, which prompts the release of epinephrine. Epinephrine, among its many effects, is a bronchodilator — meaning it widens the bronchi and bronchioles (structures within the lungs), allowing for increased air flow (12).May help improve air qualityWhen kept indoors as a houseplant, English ivy may also help with air purification. In fact, English ivy is one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) top 10 air-purifying plants (13).However, ivy may not be the best houseplant choice if you have pets or children, as contact with the plant can cause a skin rash (14, 15).Additionally, in large open spaces it’s unlikely to make a huge difference in air quality. An air purifier may be a wise investment if you’re worried about indoor air quality.Potential downsides of English ivyAs an indoor or outdoor plant, English ivy can cause contact dermatitis — an allergic skin rash. Some people have noticed this reaction after trimming back ivy while landscaping or gardening (14, 15).Some people report that ingesting English ivy could cause side effects like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea — however, research is sparse and these side effects haven’t been detailed in recent studies. Because there is so little information about the safety of English ivy, you should exercise caution when using it as a dietary supplement or herbal medicine.Although one small study has found that ingesting ivy leaf extract is safe during pregnancy, you should speak with a healthcare professional before taking it if you’re pregnant or nursing (16). How to use English ivyEnglish ivy planted outdoors makes an excellent ground cover and looks very attractive when growing up the outer walls of structures. It may even help insulate structures against cold temperatures, but you’ll need to do regular maintenance to keep the ivy from taking over (17).Indoors, English ivy can be kept as an air-purifying houseplant. It doesn’t need tons of direct light, so it’s ideal for growing indoors unless you have children or pets who may touch it or try to eat it.As a supplement, you can purchase ivy extract capsules. It is also available in tea form. Additionally, non-prescription ivy leaf cough syrups are available to purchase online.There are no official dosing guidelines, so be sure to follow the directions on the product packaging, or moderate your intake to only 1 or 2 cups (240 or 480 ml) of tea or a loose handful of fresh ivy leaves as needed. Don’t ingest ivy leaf if it causes allergic symptoms like atopic dermatitis when you touch it, and be sure to speak with your healthcare professional before you add English ivy to your routine.The bottom lineEnglish ivy is an evergreen plant that offers some surprising benefits. As a houseplant, it may help to purify the air.When ingested, some research suggests that it may provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. In addition, it appears to be useful in reducing cough related to colds and viral infections. However, it may cause allergic reactions in some people, and little is known about its safety when used as a supplement.Overall, more human research is needed to understand more about the benefits of English ivy as an herbal remedy.Just one thingTry this today: Although there’s a great deal we don’t know about English ivy and its safety, there are several other herbal remedies that have more scientific research to support their use. Read this article on nine popular herbal medicines for more information about widely-used herbal remedies.Was this helpful? Last medically reviewed on October 14, 2021How we reviewed this article:HistoryOur experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.Current VersionOct 14, 2021Medically Reviewed ByDominique Fontaine, BSN, RN, HNB-BC, HWNC-BCOct 13, 2021Written ByRena GoldmanEdited ByCheryl S. GrantCopy Edited ByChris DokaVIEW ALL HISTORY Share this articleMedically reviewed by Dominique Fontaine, BSN, RN, HNB-BC, HWNC-BC — By Rena Goldman — Updated on October 14, 2021Read this nextHow to Properly Cover Your Mouth When You SneezeMedically reviewed by Dominique Fontaine, BSN, RN, HNB-BC, HWNC-BCWhen you feel a sneeze coming, sneeze into a tissue, discard it, and wash your hands. When that’s not possible, here’s what you should do.READ MOREHow to Identify Poison Ivy (in All Seasons)Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHTPoison ivy looks differently during each phase of its growth cycle, and the oily sap on the plant's leaves, called urushiol, can cause an allergic…READ MOREIs Poison Ivy Contagious or Can the Rash Spread?Medically reviewed by Stacy Sampson, D.O.If you’ve ever gotten a rash from poison ivy, you may be wondering if it’s contagious or how it might spread. We let you know all the details…READ MOREWhat Is Phosphatidylcholine and How Is It Used?Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHTPhosphatidylcholine is known to boost cognition, but its potential benefits don't stop there. Here's what you should know about this herbal remedy.READ MOREDo Rhodiola Rosea and Ashwagandha Work Well Together?Medically reviewed by Kerry Boyle D.Ac., M.S., L.Ac., Dipl. Ac., CYTResearch suggests rhodiola and ashwagandha work well together, but you may want to take them at different times of day. READ MOREWhat Does Ashwagandha Do for Women’s Wellness?Ashwagandha's ability to balance hormones may benefit women’s overall wellness, impacting the menstrual cycle, reproduction, and menopause. READ MOREDoes Ashwagandha Make You Fertile? 7 Things to Know About This HerbWhile research is still evolving, ashwagandha shows potential in addressing various aspects of fertility, including libido, hormone levels, and sexual…READ MOREAbout UsContact UsPrivacy PolicyPrivacy SettingsAdvertising PolicyHealth TopicsMedical AffairsContent IntegrityNewsletters© 2024 Healthline Media LLC. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information. See additional information.© 2024 Healthline Media LLC. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information. See additional information.AboutCareersAdvertise with usOUR BRANDSHealthlineMedical News TodayGreatistPsych CentralBezzy

比特派钱包官方入口|ivy

比特派钱包官方入口|ivy

Hedera - Wikipedia

Ivy | Description, Plant, Species, & Facts | Britannica

Types of Ivy: Varieties of Ivy Plants for Outdoors and Indoors

Ivy Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

Hedera helix - Wikipedia

5 Fast Facts About English Ivy

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比特派钱包官方入口|ivy

比特派钱包官方入口|ivy

Hedera - Wikipedia

Ivy | Description, Plant, Species, & Facts | Britannica

Types of Ivy: Varieties of Ivy Plants for Outdoors and Indoors

Ivy Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

Hedera helix - Wikipedia

5 Fast Facts About English Ivy

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